Dimensions reference

Dimensions usually match 1:1 with columns in your dbt models (see additional dimensions for counterexamples).

Adding dimensions to your project

Read more about adding dimensions to your project in our docs here. For a dimension to appear in Lightdash, you just need to declare it in your dbt model’s YAML file.

models:
  - name: my_model
    columns:
      - name: user_id # will be "User id" in LightDash
        description: "Unique identifier for a user."

Dimension configuration

To customize the dimension, you can do it in your dbt model’s YAML file. If you want to declare multiple dimensions based on the same column, check additional dimensions section.

models:
  - name: sales_stats
    meta:
      group_details:
        finance:
          label: Finance
          description: Finance-related fields.
      joins:
        - join: web_sessions
          sql_on: ${web_sessions.date} = ${sales_stats.date}
    columns:
      - name: revenue_gbp_total_est
        description: 'Total estimated revenue in GBP based on forecasting done by the finance team.'
        meta:
          dimension:
            type: number
            label: 'Total revenue' # this is the label you'll see in Lightdash
            description: 'My custom description' # you can override the description you'll see in Lightdash here
            sql: 'IF(${TABLE}.revenue_gbp_total_est = NULL, 0, ${registered_user_email})' # custom SQL applied to the column from dbt used to define the dimension
            hidden: false
            format: '[$£]#,##0.00' # GBP rounded to two decimal points
            groups: ['finance']
      - name: forecast_date
        description: 'Date of the forecasting.'
        meta:
          dimension:
            type: date
            time_intervals: ['DAY', 'WEEK', 'MONTH', 'QUARTER'] # not required: the default time intervals for dates are `['DAY', 'WEEK', 'MONTH', 'YEAR']`
            urls:
              - label: 'Open in forecasting tool'
                url: 'https://finance.com/forceasts/weeks/${ value.raw }'
              - label: Open in Google Calendar
                url: 'https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/r/day/${ value.formatted |split: "-" |join: "/"}'
            required_attributes:
              is_admin: 'true'
      - name: date
        meta:
          dimension:
            type: date
            day_of_week_num:
              type: number
              label: 'Day of Week (number)'
              sql: 'day_of_week(${date})'
            day_of_week_day:
              type: date
              label: 'Day of Week (day)'
              sql: ${date}
              format: 'dddd'
            is_weekday_or_weekend:
              type: boolean
              label: 'Weekday or Weekend'
              sql: "case when day_of_week(${date}) < 5 then 'weekday' else 'weekend' end"

All the properties you can customize:

Property	Required	Value	Description
label	No	string	Custom label. If you set this property, this is what you’ll see in Lightdash instead of the dimension name.
type	No	Dimension type	The dimension type is automatically pulled from your table schemas in Lightdash but you can override the type using this property.
description	No	string	Description of the dimension in Lightdash. You can use this to override the description you have for the dimension in dbt.
sql	No	string	Custom SQL applied to the column used to define the dimension.
time_intervals	No	’default’ or OFF or an array[] containing elements of date, numeric or string options	’default’ (or not setting the time_intervals property) will be converted into [‘DAY’, ‘WEEK’, ‘MONTH’, ‘QUARTER’, ‘YEAR’] for dates and [‘RAW’, ‘DAY’, ‘WEEK’, ‘MONTH’, ‘QUARTER’, ‘YEAR’] for timestamps; if you want no time intervals set ‘OFF’.
hidden	No	boolean	If set to true, the dimension is hidden from Lightdash. By default, this is set to false if you don’t include this property.
compact	No	string	This option will compact the number value (e.g. 1,500 to 1.50K). Currently supports one of the following: [‘thousands’, ‘millions’, ‘billions’, ‘trillions’, ‘kilobytes’, ‘megabytes’, ‘gigabytes’, ‘terabytes’, ‘petabytes’, ‘kibibytes’, ‘mebibytes’, ‘gibibytes’, ‘tebibytes’, ‘pebibytes’]
format	No	string	This option will format the output value on the results table and CSV export. Supports spreadsheet-style formatting (e.g. #,##0.00). Use this website to help build your custom format.`
groups	No	string or string[]	If you set this property, the dimension will be grouped in the sidebar with other dimensions with the same group label.
urls	No	Array of { url, label }	Adding urls to a dimension allows your users to click dimension values in the UI and take actions, like opening an external tool with a url, or open at a website. You can use liquid templates to customise the link based on the value of the dimension.
required_attributes	No	Object with { user_attribute, value }	Limits access to users with those attributes
colors	No	Object with { value, color }	Color for the values in the chart

Type

The types of your dimensions are pulled from your data warehouse, automatically. You can override these types using the type meta tag in your .yml file. If you run lightdash generate to generate your .yml files, then Lightdash will add the type from your data warehouse to your .yml files automatically.

- name: user_created_date
  meta:
    dimension:
      type: date

We currently support these dimension types:

Dimension Types
string
number
timestamp
date
boolean

Description

Column descriptions in your YAML file are automatically pulled into Lightdash and you can spot them if you hover over the dimension name.

Descriptions support any formatting that works with YAML, but the three characters used most often are:

Quotes for escaping

When you surround text with double or single quotes it will escape the text between so that any special characters recognized by YAML will still pass through to the Lightdash UI.

description: 'The contents of this column include this & that.'

Greater than symbol for folded text blocks

When you use >- it allows you to type descriptions that are multiple lines long in the YAML file, but the text will be combined into a single line when parsed. The lightdash generate command will automatically add this to keep YAML files easy to read. This description in YAML:

- name: product_tier
  description: >-
    This is a longer description...
    ...that requires multiple lines
    and it will be combined in the Lightdash UI

Will appear like this in the Lightdash UI:

This is a longer description......that requires multiple lines and it will be combined in the Lightdash UI

Vertical bar for preserving line breaks

If you need line breaks to stay in place when they show up in the Lightdash UI, you can use a | character like this:

- name: product_tier
  description: |
    This is a longer description...
    ...that requires multiple lines
    and it will stay on multiple lines

And in Lightdash UI it will appear like this:

This is a longer description...
...that requires multiple lines
and it will stay on multiple lines

Using dbt doc blocks

You can also use dbt docs blocks in descriptions, more on that here.

Format

You can use the format parameter to have your dimensions show in a particular format in Lightdash. Lightdash supports spreadsheet-style format expressions for all dimension types. To help you build your format expression, we recommend using https://customformats.com/.

- name: us_revenue
  meta:
    dimension:
      type: number
      description: 'Revenue in USD, with two decimal places, compacted to thousands'
      format: '$#,##0.00," K"' # 505,430 will appear as '$505.43 K'
    additional_dimensions:
      percent_of_global_revenue:
        type: number
        description: 'Percent of total global revenue coming from US revenue.'
        sql: ${us_revenue} / ${global_revenue}
        format: '0.00%' # 0.67895243 will appear as '67.89%

Example format expressions:

Description	Format Expression	Raw Value	Formatted Output
Adds “km” suffix to the value	`#,##0.00" km"`	100000.00	100,000.00 km
		15000.25	15,000.25 km
		500	500.00 km
Format date with 12-hour clock	`m/d/yyyy h:mm AM/PM`	2023-09-05T15:45:00Z	9/5/2023 3:45 PM
		2024-01-20T08:30:00Z	1/20/2024 8:30 AM
Display the full name of the day	`dddd`	2023-09-05T15:45:00Z	Tuesday
		2024-01-20T08:30:00Z	Saturday
Format positive, negative, and zero values	`"⬆️ "0;"⬇️ "0;0`	-500	⬇️ 500
		200	⬆️ 200
		0	0
Text formatting	`"Delivered in "@`	2 weeks	Delivered in 2 weeks
		18 hours	Delivered in 18 hours
Percentage formatting	`#,##0.00%`	0.6758	67.58%
		0.1	10.00%
		0.002	0.20%
No formatting	`0`	12345232	12345232
		56.7856	57
Currency formatting	`[$]#,##0.00`	15430.75436	$15,430.75
		15430.75436	$15,430.75
Compact currency in thousands	`[$]#,##0,"K"`	15430.75436	$15K
		15430.75436	$15.43K
Compact currency in millions	`[$]#,##0.00,,"M"`	13334567	$13.33M
		120000000	$120.00M

(Legacy) format and round options

Spreadsheet-style format expressions are the recommended way of adding formatting to your metrics in Lightdash. There are legacy formatting options, listed below, which are less flexible than the spreadsheet-style formatting.

If you use both legacy and spreadsheet-style formatting options for a single dimension, Lightdash will ignore the legacy format and round options and only apply the spreadsheet-style formatting expression.

Format (legacy)

models:
  - name: sales_stats
    columns:
      - name: revenue
        description: 'Total estimated revenue in GBP based on forecasting done by the finance team.'
        meta:
          dimension:
            format: 'gbp'

These are the options:

Option	Equivalent format expression	Description	Raw value	Displayed value
km	’#,##0.00” km“‘	Adds the suffix `km` to your value	10	10 km
mi	’#,##0.00” mi“‘	Adds the suffix `mile` to your value	10	10 mi
usd	’[$]#,##0.00’	Adds the `$` symbol to your number value	10	$10.00
gbp	’[$£]#,##0.00’	Adds the `£` symbol to your number value	10	£10.00
eur	’[$€]#,##0.00’	Adds the `€` symbol to your number value	10	€10.00
jpy	’[$¥]#,##0.00’	Adds the `¥` symbol to your number value	10	¥10
percent	’#,##0.00%‘	Adds the `%` symbol and multiplies your value by 100	0.1	%10
id	’0’	Removes commas and spaces from number or string types so that they appear like IDs.	12389572	12389572

Round (legacy)

You can round values to appear with a certain number of decimal points.

	models:
	- name: sales
	  columns:
	    - name: revenue
	      meta:
	        dimension:
	          round: 0 # equivalent format expression: '#,##0.0'

Compact

You can compact values in your YAML. For example, if I wanted all of my revenue values to be shown in thousands (e.g. 1,500 appears as 1.50K), then I would write something like this in my .yml:

models:
    - name: sales
      columns:
          - name: revenue
            meta:
                dimension:
                    compact: thousands # You can also use 'K'

Value	Alias	Equivalent format expression	Example output
thousands	”K” and “thousand”	’#,##0,” K”’ or ’#,##0.00,” K“‘	1K
millions	”M” and “million”	’#,##0,,” M”’ or ’#,##0.00,,” M“‘	1M
billions	”B” and “billion”	’#,##0,,,” B”’ or ’#,##0.00,,,” B“‘	1B
trillions	”T” and “trillion”	’#,##0,,,,” T”’ or ’#,##0.00,,,,” T“‘	1T
kilobytes	”KB” and “kilobyte”		1KB
megabytes	”MB” and “megabyte”		1MB
gigabytes	”GB” and “gigabyte”		1GB
terabytes	”TB” and “terabyte”		1TB
petabytes	”PB” and “petabyte”		1PB
kibibytes	”KiB” and “kibibyte”		1KiB
mebibytes	”MiB” and “mebibyte”		1MiB
gibibytes	”GiB” and “gibibyte”		1GiB
tebibytes	”TiB” and “tebibyte”		1TiB
pebibytes	”PiB” and “pebibyte”		1PiB

Time intervals

Lightdash automatically adds intervals for dimensions that are timestamps or dates, so you don’t have to! For example, here we have the timestamp dimension created defined in our dbt project:

- name: created
  description: 'Timestamp when the user was created.'

Lightdash breaks this out into the default intervals automatically. So, this is how created appears in our Lightdash project:

Formatting added to a date or timestamp dimension will be applied to all of the time intervals for that dimension.If you want to apply different formats for different time intervals, we recommend creating additional dimensions for time intervals where you want to customize the format.

By default, the time intervals we use are:

Date: [‘DAY’, ‘WEEK’, ‘MONTH’, ‘QUARTER’, ‘YEAR’] Timestamp: [‘RAW’, ‘DAY’, ‘WEEK’, ‘MONTH’, ‘QUARTER’, ‘YEAR’]

To turn off time intervals for a dimension, set `time_intervals: OFF`

If you want to turn off time intervals for a dimension, you can simply set the time_intervals property to OFF. In this example, created would now appear as a single, timestamp dimension without a drop-down list of time intervals in Lightdash:

- name: created
  description: 'Timestamp when the user was created.'
  meta:
    dimension:
      time_intervals: OFF

To customize the time intervals for a dimension, you can use the `time_intervals` parameter.

If you specify time intervals manually, then this overrides the default time intervals used by Lightdash.

- name: created
  description: 'Timestamp when the user was created.'
  meta:
    dimension:
      time_intervals: ['DAY', 'DAY_OF_MONTH_NUM', 'MONTH', 'QUARTER_NAME', 'YEAR']

You can see all of the interval options for date and timestamp fields below.

Date options

Option	Description	Type	Displayed value	Notes
RAW	Original value	Date / DateTime	2019-01-01 / 2019-01-01, 09:30:30:300 UTC
YEAR	Date truncated to the nearest year	Date	2019
QUARTER	Date truncated to the nearest quarter	Date	2019-Q1
MONTH	Date truncated to the nearest month	Date	2019-01-01
WEEK	Date truncated to the nearest week	Date	2019-01-01	The start of the week depends on your warehouse configuration
DAY	Date truncated to the nearest day	Date	2019-01-01
HOUR	Datetime truncated to the nearest hour	DateTime	2019-01-01, 09 UTC
MINUTE	Datetime truncated to the nearest minute	DateTime	2019-01-01, 09:30 UTC
SECOND	Datetime truncated to the nearest second	DateTime	2019-01-01, 09:30:30 UTC
MILLISECOND	Datetime truncated to the nearest millisecond	DateTime	2019-01-01, 09:30:30:300 UTC

Numeric options

Option	Description	Type	Displayed value	Notes
DAY_OF_WEEK_INDEX	Index of the day of the week	Number	0	The value range and start of the week depends on your warehouse configuration
DAY_OF_MONTH_NUM	Day of the month	Number	21
DAY_OF_YEAR_NUM	Day of the year	Number	127
WEEK_NUM	Week number	Number	37
MONTH_NUM	Month number	Number	7
QUARTER_NUM	Quarter number	Number	3
YEAR_NUM	Year number	Number	2019
MINUTE_OF_HOUR_NUM	Minute number	Number	50
HOUR_OF_DAY_NUM	Hour number	Number	22

String options

Option	Description	Type	Displayed value
DAY_OF_WEEK_NAME	Day of the week	String	Monday
MONTH_NAME	Month name	String	March
QUARTER_NAME	Quarter name	String	Q3

Groups

You can group your dimensions and metrics in the sidebar using the groups parameter. To do this, you need to set up group_details in the model’s configuration. Then, you can use these groups to organize metrics and dimensions. You can create nested groups up to 3 levels.

models:
  - name: baskets
    meta:
      group_details:
        product_details:
          label: Product Details
          description: 'Fields that have information about the products in the basket.'
        item_details:
          label: Item Details
          description: 'Fields that have information about the items in the basket.'

    columns:
      - name: basket_item_id
        description: 'ID for the product item within the basket.'
        meta:
          dimension:
            groups: ['product_details', 'item_details'] # this would add the dimension to a nested group: `product details` --> `item details`
      - name: product_name
        description: 'Full name of the product.'
        meta:
          dimension:
            label: 'Product name'
            groups: ['product_details'] # this would add the dimension under the group label: `product_details`

This example would look like this in the sidebar:

URLs

Lightdash users can interact with dimension values by clicking on them. If you’re already storing URLs in your models, you can create hyperlinks to those URLs in Lightdash, like so:

columns:
  - name: candidate_profile_url
    label: URL of the candidate profile
    meta:
      dimension:
        urls:
          - label: Open in CRM
            url: ${ value.raw }

How to add custom URLs

By adding custom urls you can configure the actions available to your users. Like linking to external tools, or taking actions in other tools.

In the example below, users can click on a company name and open a corresponding record in their CRM or search for the company in google or open that company’s Slack channel.

columns:
  - name: company_name
    label: Registered trading name of the company
    meta:
      dimension:
        urls:
          - label: Search for company in Google
            url: 'https://google.com/search?${ value.formatted | url_encode }'
          - label: Open in CRM
            url: 'https://mycrm.com/companies/${ row.company.company_id.raw | url_encode }'

The ${ value.formatted } will be replaced with the value of the company name in the Lightdash UI at query run time. The ${ row.company.company_id.raw } will be replaced with the value of the company id in the Lightdash UI at query run time. The action will be disabled if the column “company_id” from table “company” is not part of the query.

You can reference values from other columns in your URLs

You can reference another dimension from your table in your URL. For these URLs to work, the other column you’ve referenced needs to be included in your results table. For example, say I’ve added a URL to company_name and it uses the field customer_id:

columns:
  - name: company_name
    label: Registered trading name of the company
    meta:
      dimension:
        urls:
          - label: "Open company"
            url: "https://example.com/company/${row.customers.customer_id.raw | url_encode }"

This URL will only work if I have customer_id included in my results table.

Liquid Templating

Use templates to configure the url values depending on the query, this allows your urls to depend on the results of queries. Available liquid tags

Tag	Description
`${ value.formatted }`	The exact value of the dimension as seen in the Lightdash UI. For example “$1,427.20”
`${ value.raw }`	The raw value of the dimension returned from the underlying SQL query. For example “1427.2 “
`${ row.table_name.column_name.formatted }`	The exact value of the column as seen in the Lightdash UI. For example “$1,427.20”
`${ row.table_name.column_name.raw }`	The raw value of the dimension returned from the underlying SQL query. For example “1427.2 ”

Available liquid filters Filters can be used to make small transformations of your values:

Filter	Description	Example usage
url_encode	Encode a string as url safe, for example it replaces spaces with %20	${value.formatted \| url_encode }
downcase	Convert string to all lowercase	${value.formatted \| downcase }
append	Append a string to another	${value.formatted \| append: “.html”}

There are many more filters available in the Liquid documentation.

Required attributes

Lightdash can use user attributes to limit some dimensions to some users. In the example below, only users with is_admin attribute true can use the salary dimension on user table. Users without access to this dimension will not see it or the custom metrics created from this dimension on the explore page.

columns:
  - name:
    description: User name
  - salary:
    description: User salary
    meta:
      dimension:
        required_attributes:
          is_admin: "true"

If a user without access to this dimension runs a query that contains this dimension, they will get a Forbidden error.

Current limitations

Lightdash dimensions and custom metrics are protected by this feature, however, it is possible to write custom SQL to bypass this filter, for example:

Developers and admins running SQL queries on SQL runner.
Custom SQL or subqueries on table calculations

Scheduler deliveries will run against the user who created the scheduled delivery, be careful when sharing required attributes with other users.

Color

You can predefine colors for your string type dimensions, these colors will be used instead of your default organization colors for the right value when you use a grouped bar chart or a pie chart.

  - name: status
    description: "{{ doc(\"orders_status\") }}"
    meta:
      dimension:
        colors:
          "placed": "#e6fa0f"
          "completed": "#558B2F"
          "shipped": "#29B6F6"
          "return_pending": "#FF6F00"
          "returned": "#E91E63"

We recommend using #HEX colors, other color types like rgba,rgba or color name (eg: orange) are also supported on charts, but they are not yet supported on the chart config.

You can manually override these dimension colors by going into the chart config and manually picking a color for that serie.These colors will also take precedence over the organization color palette.

Using special characters or capital letters in your column names

If you use special characters on your column names, you might get errors when using those columns on explore. For example, having a column named Status with capital S on a table named orders in postgres throws the following error:

column orders.status does not exist

To fix this, we can add the quoted column to our sql meta tag on dimensions

- name: status
  meta:
    dimension:
      type: string
      sql: '"orders"."Status"' # you can also use '${TABLE}."Status"'

This will quote the Status columns on the SQL query

SELECT
  "orders".order_id AS "orders_order_id",
  "orders"."Status" AS "orders_status"
FROM "postgres"."jaffle"."orders" AS "orders"

Additional dimensions

Additional dimensions let you define multiple dimensions off of a single column from your dbt model. This is useful when adding different formatting to a column, comparing or combining columns, parsing JSON columns, or creating persisted groups/buckets based off of a column. A “normal” dimension is a column created in your .sql file in dbt that is written to your data warehouse. An additional dimension is not included in your dbt .sql file, so it’s not written to your data warehouse. When used in Lightdash, it just adds the dimension definition to your SQL query (so it’s “created” at runtime). All dimension configurations are available for additional dimensions. You can also use additional dimensions when defining metrics.

Additional dimensions names need to be unique in the model.

Adding different formatting

columns:
  - name: revenue
    meta:
      dimension:
        type: number
      additional_dimensions:
        revenue_in_thousands:
          type: number
          format: '#,##0," K"'
        revenue_in_millions:
          type: number
          format: '#,##0,," M"'

Comparing or combining columns

When defining additional dimensions, you can reference other dimensions, even from joined tables (organizations is a joined table in the example below).

columns:
  - name: created_date
    meta:
      dimension:
        type: date
      additional_dimensions:
        days_to_first_query_run:
          type: number
          description: 'Number of days between a user being created and their first query run.'
          sql: ${first_query_date} - ${created_date}
        days_to_organization_first_payment:
          type: number
          description: 'Number of days between a user being created and their organization making its first payment. This will be negative for users who joined after the first payment.'
          sql: ${created_date} - ${organizations.first_payment_date}

Parsing JSON columns

Usually you’ll want to add hidden:true for the main JSON dimension since raw JSON is not useful in charts.

columns:
  - name: metadata # this is a jsonb column with metadata
    meta:
      dimension:
        hidden: true
      additional_dimensions:
        version:
          type: number
          sql: JSON_VALUE(${metadata}, '$.version') # custom SQL applied to get the "version" value inside metadata

Adding multiple timezones for the same dimension

You can use additional dimensions to convert a timestamp into multiple timezones:

columns:
  - name: created_at
    description: 'The time that the thing was created'
    meta:
      dimension:
        label: 'Created (UTC)'
        type: timestamp
      additional_dimensions:
        created_at_est:
          type: timestamp
          label: 'Created (EST)'
          description: 'The time that the thing was created, in EST'
          sql: "convert_timezone('UTC', 'America/New_York', ${TABLE}.created_at)"

Using additional dimensions in metrics

To define metrics based on additional dimensions, you need to add them to the model’s meta metrics, or use custom SQL in defining them under the column’s meta.

models:
  - name: users
    meta:
      metrics:
        highest_version_model_metric_example:
          type: max
          sql: ${version}
    columns:
      - name: metadata
        meta:
          dimension:
            hidden: true
          additional_dimensions:
            version:
              type: number
              sql: JSON_VALUE(${metadata}, '$.version')
          metrics:
            highest_version:
              type: max
              sql: ${version}

​Adding dimensions to your project

​Dimension configuration

​Type

​Description

​Quotes for escaping

​Greater than symbol for folded text blocks

​Vertical bar for preserving line breaks

​Using dbt doc blocks

​Format

​Example format expressions:

​Format (legacy)

​Round (legacy)

​Compact

​Time intervals

​By default, the time intervals we use are:

​To turn off time intervals for a dimension, set time_intervals: OFF

​To customize the time intervals for a dimension, you can use the time_intervals parameter.

​Date options

​Numeric options

​String options

​Groups

​URLs

​How to add custom URLs

​You can reference values from other columns in your URLs

​Liquid Templating

​Required attributes

​Current limitations

​Color

​Using special characters or capital letters in your column names

​Additional dimensions

​Adding different formatting

​Comparing or combining columns

​Parsing JSON columns

​Adding multiple timezones for the same dimension

​Using additional dimensions in metrics

Adding dimensions to your project

Dimension configuration

Type

Description

Quotes for escaping

Greater than symbol for folded text blocks

Vertical bar for preserving line breaks

Using dbt doc blocks

Format

Example format expressions:

Format (legacy)

Round (legacy)

Compact

Time intervals

By default, the time intervals we use are:

To turn off time intervals for a dimension, set `time_intervals: OFF`

To customize the time intervals for a dimension, you can use the `time_intervals` parameter.

Date options

Numeric options

String options

Groups

URLs

How to add custom URLs

You can reference values from other columns in your URLs

Liquid Templating

Required attributes

Current limitations

Color

Using special characters or capital letters in your column names

Additional dimensions

Adding different formatting

Comparing or combining columns

Parsing JSON columns

Adding multiple timezones for the same dimension

Using additional dimensions in metrics